Friday, April 17, 2009 - 12:32 PM
Joe Nye has clearly touched a nerve.
There's been a lot of e-mail chatter among international relations professors about Nye's Washington Post op-ed arguing that IR scholars are cloister-bound and not policy relevant.
Some of these scholars have some interesting points/objections to make, but where oh where can they voice these points?
Why, this very blog! If you want to respond to Nye but don't want to set up your own blog about it, feel free to e-mail me your response for publication here. Assuming your response meets my personal standard of propriety (i.e., you don't personally insult Nye, myself, or Salma Hayek) I will publish it in the hallowed... er... website of Foreign Policy. [Can a website be hallowed?--ed. I'm announcing that policy, yes.]
Without further ado, here's the first response, from Georgetown University's Raj M. Desai and James Raymond Vreeland:
Coaching from the Sidelines
Professor Joseph Nye ("Scholars on the Sidelines"), who has a well-deserved reputation as both an eminent scholar of international relations and as a government official with experience in several previous administrations, laments a growing gap between academia and government. He asserts that the fault "lies not with the government but with the academics." This is unfair.
Nye complains about the methodological rigor in contemporary political science as an impediment to its relevance. This is ironic, given that it is precisely this rigor that has allowed modern political science to improve its forecasting power - something that is presumably vital to policymaking. We now have better statistical tools to predict, for example, the likelihood of state failure, civil conflict, democratic breakdown, and other changes in governments. Game-theoretic models can be used to analyze trade disputes and war, as well as the behavior of international organizations, terrorist movements, and nuclear states with greater precision and clarity than just a few decades before.
In our classes, we give students assignments designed to bridge what they learn in the classroom to the real world. There is certainly a connection, and our job is to teach our students to see it. We hope such a pedagogy is in the spirit of what Nye calls for, but we find his piece frustrating as he implies that such endeavors are fruitless because contemporary political science has nothing to say to the broader audience. This is just not true.
Nye is correct that much of this analysis does not get translated into policymaking. There is surely something to be said for the failure of some scholars to disseminate their research more broadly, and he is also right that academia does not provide strong incentives to do so. But a part of this fault may also lie within the halls of certain government agencies. Nye also points to a strong connection between economists and policy makers. No wonder. Staffers at the US Treasury, the Fed, the National Economic Council (to name a few places) are comfortable reading cutting-edge economic analyses because they have been trained to understand mathematical models and statistical results. If people at the State Department or the National Security Council have not been comparably trained, however, they will not understand contemporary political science or its capacity to inform policy. Academic political science can do a much better job of reaching out to policymakers. But governmental agencies need to focus some effort on recruiting individuals who have the background and skills needed to apply modern political science to their daily work. Both sides need to make an effort.
Raj M. Desai and James Raymond Vreeland
Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service
Georgetown University
As an IR student, (keeping in mind all the naivete that title comes with), I tend to agree with Mr. Nye. Most of the classes I have and will take are history classes focusing on the Cold War, which I understand, but at times seems pointless next to what I read on this blog on a daily basis. Now, I don't go to Georgetown, so Mr. Desai's statement:
In our classes, we give students assignments designed to bridge what they learn in the classroom to the real world. There is certainly a connection, and our job is to teach our students to see it. We hope such a pedagogy is in the spirit of what Nye calls for, but we find his piece frustrating as he implies that such endeavors are fruitless because contemporary political science has nothing to say to the broader audience. This is just not true.
may be true at that institution and not mine, but so far the "IR major" courses with the most real-world application at my school have been the economics courses, precisely because they deal with real-world institutions.
The IR courses, meanwhile, encourage us to interpret present events based on past ones using a plethora of theoretical terminology and so-called "models of analysis" that no one outside of the major would understand, and in fact few inside the major probably truly do. Moreover, the best career options emphasized by our advisors are always think tank, NGO, MNC, or grad school, but never anything in government.
But most importantly, my program has so far failed to provide any kind of comprehensive idea of what "International Relations" is besides a one-line definition given at the beginning of my very first intro class, which was something like "the study of how countries interact with one another." In this light, IR at my school seems to be just a specialized branch of history that analyzes after the fact rather than having any bearing on future events.
In a final example, I look at the most successful Professor in our program, who recently released the successful book "Limits of Power: The End of American Exceptionalism." While the conclusions in the book are interesting and seem downright prophetic in the wake of the economic crisis, what strikes me as odd is the way it and its author (when I've heard him speak) talks about the future, which is more or less as a reactionary calling for a return to pre-60s economics and culture.
The point is, the teaching of the discipline I've experienced so far seems to be entirely past-based, with no emphasis on real future solutions. Instead, the assignments are all along the lines of either "apply this particular IR theory to current events" or "find a comparable situation from the past and see how they dealt with it then." In neither of these assignments, and in no discussions, have I been asked to analyze a real-world situation and come up with what I think would be the most appropriate course of action to take based on what I've learned of past events. Instead, we are spoon fed theories and history, and told to apply specific models to specific scenarios and draw safe, analytical (but not political) conclusions about what's happening and why.
So someone convince me I'm wrong, but so far what I'm learning just doesn't seem like it's going to be all that useful when it comes to actually, you know, having any kind of influence on real-world policy.
I'm sure it varies from institution to institution, but while I was a Political Science (and History) undergrad at Miami University (not really a bastion of IR academia), we certainly had courses that encouraged us to look at current problems and come up with solutions to them. I remember having to look at a hypothetical genocide/failed state situation in Africa and come up with my recommendations for what to do, analyzing the problems that occurred and how to get around them.
And really, once you get past the intro-level courses, I found that you can choose which focus you want. I had courses that focused on how the USSR came to be (and ceased to be), and I also had courses that focused on today's security issues, where I was introduced to the writings of people like David Kilcullen. I also had some classes that focused on the past, but the professor made a concerted effort to bring current events into the discussion. We had class discussions about current issues that were tangentially related to the topic, in the interest of keeping the class relevant.
Basically what I'm saying is that maybe you can find some classes/profs that are more interested in looking forward, or maybe you just got unlucky at that institution. I certainly had some real-world applicable education as well as historical stuff.
In this light, IR at my school seems to be just a specialized branch of history that analyzes after the fact rather than having any bearing on future events.
Let me preface my statement with the fact that I am quite a few years out of grad school and my core was Comparative, not IR. But, I would rather say that IR is more about system level interactions of nations, where as Comparative is really about internal studies.
Since I cannot speak to IR, I will comment on how it worked in my classes. We had a history of theory, say in democratization. Then, we showed our ability and understanding by applying that to a modern situation. Then you took cases and found data based on your specialization (region of the world). Theories taught could never be too specific, because we all had our own regions that we specialized in. Overall, I don't think the theories were meant to be time limited, because that would have fallen under the indicators that Pzeworski and Teune would have you consider in your comparison and contrast.
In the end, you are in essence testing the theories when you do your course projects. Does it apply, or doesn't it. As long as you had reasons for your variables and their operationalizations were valid, the professors were fine with deviant outcomes. It challenged you to explain them. That is the point. Not to uphold theories, but to test their limits, validity, and application.
which is more or less as a reactionary calling for a return to pre-60s economics and culture.
I would argue that all information is created and processed through the veils of our knowledge and experience. From the moment you perceive a new thought, idea, and/or experience, you process it through the filters of previous knowledge and experience. So, of course, works are often quite backward looking. At the same time, how often are totally new realities created? If this is a totally new reality, then soon the experiences will overshadow the past in contradictions, and new works will be released that struggle to explain why the professor's book is wrong. Knowledge is in many ways an art of process.
Excellent title to your post.
As a complete outsider I had assumed that a large part of it – not going into Government service – was due to it not being a worthwhile option in recent times. The past administration seems to have eschewed ‘scientific method’/’logical argument based on facts’ in favour of ideology/dogma/faith which might leave academics wondering if this was a good use of their time and energy. If things change and sound reasoned argument does not leave you feeling like an evolutionary biologist debating with a creationist then it may become a more popular career option.
Gabe
Firstly are we talking about undergraduates? How should the curriculum change? Things move so fast I would have thought that the best thing a student could learn was the history of IR so they could learn from past mistakes and failures. We do seem to have a habit of trying things, finding they don’t work and then finding they have been tried several times before without working – I am sure that is a definition of something. A good grounding of the history with some attempts to look at recent events, what was – and is being – tried and how precedent suggest it may pan out seems about as good a grounding as you can get.
neither Congress nor academia have figured it out. (I say Congress, because State carries its own 800-lb gorilla of bureaucratic inertia around which makes academic participation all the more difficult. And Congress really, really needs all the help it can get.) Obviously, research and analysis conducted by academics has implications on policy, and policy makers, without the empirical benefits of either, forgo the political cover it might provide as well.
As for those who tilt one way or the other due to career concerns, á la George Tennant, do we really want advice from these people anyways? (Ok, ok, I get it. Research needs to be judged on its scope and methodology, regardless. Still. . . .)
I support Mr. Nye in this. Frankly, the thought of US foreign policy formation conducted through a public debate that is actually about domestic political jockeying, or driven quietly by the wishes of corporate donors frightens me. I think it should frighten everyone.
Academics are now used to justify policies, not make them.
Excuse the sexy headline, but really we have just been witness to academics being part of the administration (Rice and Wolfowitz). I was not impressed by the results. Woodrow Wilson made it to the presidency, wrote a lot of lofty rhetoric and then doomed the Versaille Treaty with his disdain for Congress. Becoming part of the policy team means towing the loyalty line if you want to shape policy. That is antithetical to social science. Many policy makers want predictive capacity, like a science would be able to produce (Economics, the dismal science with all the policy heft, is not even very good at that). Really I think that the best bet is to influence policy through the books that we write and through the students we educate.
Even military professionals in policy circles can be ignored (Powell, Shinseki, etc). Being in policy positions is not a metric of success for academics, IMHO. Obama has been influenced by several prominent IR academics, and his cabinet selections reflect that. He often makes statements that reference IR material (I heard something that sounded alot like Wendt's Anarchy is What States Make of It come out of his mouth).
Holding office is different from being influential.
Daniel W. Drezner is professor of international politics at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University.
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