Sunday, January 30, 2011 - 9:09 PM
The Days of Rage seem to be persisting in Egypt, President Hosni Mubarak is gunning for 2011's Marie Antoinette Award for Most Clueless Political Response By a Leader, and Egyptian protestors have completely and repeatedly ignored the 4 PM curfew announced on Friday. The police have withdrawn, the armed forces are out but not exactly stopping the protestors, and anyone vaguely related to Hosni Mubarak appears to have decided this was a swell time to shop at Harrod's. The official U.S. take on the situation is to tap-dance as fast as humanly possible not say all that much.
So.... what now? What's going to happen? Like I said last week -- and like Paul Krugman -- I don't know. But having spent the morning watching the Sunday talk shows and the afternoon feverishly updating my Twitter feed, let me take this opportunity to ask as many provocative questions as I can:
1) Why is Mubarak toast? Everyone assumes that the Egyptian leader is a dead man walking, and given his speech on Friday, I can understand that sentiment. There are, however, remaining options for Mubarak to pursue, ranging from a full-blown 1989 Tiananmen square crackdown to a slow-motion 2009 Tehran-style crackdown.
Obviously, these aren't remotely good options for anyone involved. The first rule in political science, however, is that leaders want to stay in power, and Mubarak has given no indication that he wants to leave. He could be packing up as I type this -- but 80-year old strongmen don't tend to faint at the first spot of trouble.
The Days of Rage have clearly altered the future of Egypt -- Gamel Mubarak is not going to succeed his father. How much additional change will take place is unclear.
2) Could the army crack down if it wanted to? Contradicting my first question, the one thing I wonder is whether the Egyptian state has the capacity to crack down any more. Egypt's internal security forces have failed miserably. This leaves the army, an institution that has, to date, commanded respect across all walks of life in Egypt and refrained from direct internal coercion activities .
The fact that jets buzzed Tahrir Dquare suggests two things. First, the military is trying to signal to protestors to, you know, go home. Second, the military might not have the available tools to make this point more effectively, and might not be able to efficiently dispatch protestors if so desired. If this cable is accurate, the Egyptian military has long-focused on developing its conventional warfare capabilities, which is great for an armored attack in the desert and lousy for subduing a restive civilian population.
I'm sure the military could restore order if necessary, but it would be a hugely inefficient enterprise. The hit to their reputation would be massive.
3) Has U.S. influence over the situation increased and not decreased? Again, lots of talk today about how U.S. can't really shape the outcome. OK, except that I don't think the following statements add up:
a) The Egyptian armed forces are now the central pillar propping up the Egyptian state;
b) The Egyptian and American defense establishments have strong ties;
c) U.S. aide to Egypt is roughly $3 billion a year;
d) U.S. influence over the situation has waned.
As the Obama administration's rhetoric shifts -- going from calling on Mubarak to take action to talk about "transition" -- I wonder whether the U.S. is simply following the situation on the ground, or whether the situation on the ground has allowed the administration to start exerting more leverage.
4) After Egypt, which country in the region is the most nervous? This ain't Tunisia, it's the heart of the Arab Middle East. Regime chage in Egypt will send shockwaves across Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Algeria, Libya and Syria.
That said, I suspect the most nervous country in the region will be Israel. When I was there this summer listening to their top security experts, Egypt was barely mentioned. The cornerstone of Israel's security was the notion that Egypt was a partner and not a threat. A region in which Iran, Turkey and Egypt all adopt hostile attitudes towards the State of Israel is, let's say, not an ideal situation. If both Turkey and Egypt look like democracies a year from now, that makes things even worse.
5) Is the Muslim Brotherhood really all that and a bag of chips? The MB wasn't behind the latest protests, and it's not entirely clear how much support they actually command in Egypt. This hasn't stopped speculation about what an MB-led Egypt would look like. While everyone is evoking what happened in Iran in 1979, I keep thinking that the Egyptian military is a lot more robust now than the Iranian military was back then. Stratfor speculates otherwise, but they don't have much data to back up their claim. I find it interesting that the MB threat has not deterred neoconservatives from supporting, at a minimum, regime change in Egypt.
[So do you have any answers?--ed. The U.S. should be pursuing a broad-spectrum policy of engaging any and every actor in Egypt right now, but the key is the military. All available pressure -- including an aid cutoff -- should be put on that institution to not intervene and not attack civilians. If that happens, I think that all the other dominoes fall.]
Big difference between 1989, 2009 and 2011
As the sponsor state of Egypt, the United States will not tolerate such a crackdown. Supporting an autocratic regime for the sake of regional stability is one thing, but continuing to sponsor that regime while it executes a brutal repression is completely unacceptable and would, without a doubt, force the U.S. to completely withdraw support. Do you really think the Egyptian military would sacrifice its nice $1.3 billion yearly check from Uncle Sam just to keep Mubarak in power? I can't profess to know the answer, but I find it hard to believe the military would comply with such orders.
Iran and China had no reason to care about human rights when they exercised force against demonstrators. Their militaries weren't propped up by a state with a global moral agenda.
US is fine with repressive regimes
It does nothing for crackdowns, executions and absolute monarchies (Saudi Arabia). It does not care about Indian atrocities in Kashmir. It did not care about Saddam in the 80s. It does not care about abuses in Afghanistan, Iraq. Why would they care about the Egyptian people when their dictator puppy is defending itself?
There's a difference, at least to the public
"Why would they care about the Egyptian people when their dictator puppy is defending itself?"
From the viewpoint of a non-professional, Egypt is different because it is more prevalent to the public. Kashmir is like Darfur. Also, I'm not sure how great of examples are Iraq and Afghanistan. We did, after all, go to war with both countries.
Mubarak is toast because he is 83 years old. Who would want to go out on a limb for somebody that close to permanent retirement?
Also, comparing Egypt 2011 to Iran 2009 misses an important point. As far as I can tell, there is no segment of the population of Egypt that is willing to take to the streets and crack heads like Ahmadinejad had and has.
I guess the China 1989 analogy makes a little more sense, but the PLA is an organ of the CCP, so of course it would defend the party. The same is not true in Egypt, as far as I know.
Obama Admin is missing and is lost here...
"All available pressure -- including an aid cutoff -- should be put on that institution to not intervene and not attack civilians. "
Compare that to what Hillary said - that Egypt Aid is not on the table. Why would she say that?
As 'LONESTAR28' has said, it will be disastrous for Obama Admin to allow any kind of Tienanmen situation there. Given that, one is at loss to understand why would Obama not say this -
"These are all internal matters of Egypt is true and we all hope for a smother transition to full Democratic System. As a long time ally and significant contributor to Middle East Peace, America would like to help whatever is needed for Egyptian Society to make a peaceful transition. But America regards that Egyptian People have universal rights to assemble and undertake peaceful political demonstrations. While Egyptian people are doing that, it is completely unacceptable to America and American People that any State Force engages in violent means to suppress Egyptian protesters."
Question is - what Obama Admin cannot afford (another Tienanmen); why does it not say it so explicitly and emphatically? It does not have to be taking sides with protesters or Mubarak, but just lay down where we draw the line.
The thing is that itself is going to be such a big boast to political forces of change in Egypt.
Mubarak stays or not; Obama needs to make it very, very clear that any usage of Military to perpetuate Tienanmen is completely unacceptable. Say that from the Podium President, that is what is needed. Spell consequences of that. You do not say 'aid will continue unconditionally'.
Fearing about how othe autocratic allies would make GWOT difficult; that is just cowardice and immense weakness. Obama should not be 'chiken' for that challenge if other autocratic rulers in Middle East start moving from cozy relations with America. To build our security on such 'flimsy' foundation is in the end disservice to American People.
Should the tide turn and Mubarak successfully stand up to defend itself with all means necessary, complete media silence will reign. All we hear about will be the "return of order and tranquility" and how successful the Obama administration was in persuading the Egyptian people to stop the unrests. There will be no coverage of any atrocities, just as there is no coverage of Indian wrongdoings in quelling the rebellion of Kashmir.
The Tienanmen events were useful for the US to smear an enemy. The future Cairo events will be buried as deep as CNN can bury it.
You use the figure $3 billion a year, which I've seen elsewhere as well. But I've also seen a lower figure. State Department says:
"U.S. military aid to Egypt totals over $1.3 billion annually. In addition, the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) has provided over $28 billion in economic and development assistance to Egypt since 1975." http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5309.htm (I don't know why they don't give a yearly figure for USAID.).
This unofficial summary says $1.550 billion for 2010 in total. http://www.vaughns-1-pagers.com/politics/us-foreign-aid.htm
But he overlooks two fundamental differences. First, I would say those are mostly apples to oranges comparisons. Kashmir is a far more complicated issue as the U.S. tries to balance relations between two critical allies. Saudi Arabia is largely invisible; its internal affairs are kept fairly quiet. I'm pretty saavy on international affairs and follow lots of foreign media, but I personally have never seen tanks open fire on large crowds of demonstrators. Even the the Grand Mosque seige in 1979 is almost completely unknown outside students and close observers of the region. I can give you Saddam, but I think the United States has paid a heavy price for that policy and it certainly remains an embarrassment in American foreign policy history. And while abuses in Iraq and Afghanistan hurt U.S. credibility throughout the Muslim world, this is all collateral damage in warzones. Depending on your point of view, there is a degree of justification to this argument. Wars aren't excuses for such abuses, but they provide cover.
Secondly, and I would say probably most importantly. This is 2011. Barack Obama is president, and has proclaimed a new era of American foreign policy.... in Cairo, no less. While his foreign agenda has largely continued the policies of President Bush, he has committed to an observance of universal human rights. Media exposure of these events are unprecedented. I am rather uninformed on Tiananmen Square so I can't really speak to the media coverage there. But in 1989 there was no Twitter, no Facebook, no Google and no web browsing at all. Iran did not have the press freedom that Egypt does (though that has obviously deteriorated to an extent). A brutal crackdown will draw international condemnation, UN pressure, and end all domestic support for Mubarak. It will undoubtedly force the United States to cut off all aid and demand the end of the regime.
As I was reading what you said about "Gamel Mubarak is not going to succeed his father," I could not help thinking that this might be a compromise outcome. An awkward one (and maybe along the Leverett's line of argument lol), but if packaged appropriately, it might find some support - at least behind the curtains outside Egypt.
The thing about change is you never know exactly where it ends up. Revolutions are the same. This urgency for democratic goverment is spreading. People do have the right to pick their leaders. The problem is picking the right leaders. We in this country have made so bad choices too. We live with them and then change them. The thing is herd mentality. When the herd moves, sometimes it moves into bigger problems than it was running from. The hope is that they won't.
Daniel W. Drezner is professor of international politics at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University.
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