Earlier this week Walter Russell Mead blogged about the mortal danger facing a prominent international relations theory:

American fast food continues to worm its way ever deeper into Pakistani affections. Hardee’s recently joined McDonald’s in Islamabad and both are doing well, says the Washington Post.

Since McDonald’s is also thriving in India, an IR theory is about to be put to a test. The “McDonald’s theory” holds that no two countries with McDonald’s in them will ever go to war. Once you have a middle class big enough to support hamburger franchises, the theory runs, war is a thing of the past.

I wish. The 2008 war between Russia and Georgia dealt the theory a blow; an India-Pakistan war would be the end.

Whether or not that happens, the theory is a bust. Countries often become more militaristic as their middle classes rise.

A touch a touch, I do confess it!! It appears that the collective reputation of international relations theory has been tarnished, yet -- wait a second, who came up with that theory in the first place?

As it turns out, it was not some academic IR theorist like me, but rather a Prominent Foreign Affairs Columnist of Some Renown … kinda like Mead (but not really). Yes, it was indeed Tom Friedman who first suggested "The Golden Arches Theory of Conflict Prevention."

Mead concludes that the theory is a bust, and Wikipedia appears to back him up:

[T]he NATO bombing of Serbia proved the theory wrong, though in a later edition Friedman argued that this exception proved the rule: the war ended quickly, he argued, partly because the Serbian population did not want to lose their place in a global system "symbolised by McDonald's" (Friedman 2000: 252–253).... In 1998, McDonald's host countries India and Pakistan fought a border war over Kashmir. While not a full scale war, both countries flaunted their nuclear capabilities. At least two wars between McDonald's hosting nations have occurred since the NATO bombing of Serbia: the 2006 war between Israel and Lebanon; and the 2008 conflict between Georgia and Russia over South Ossetia.

(Actually, Wikipedia is underestimating how many times the Golden Arches Theory of Conflict Prevention has been falsified … according to Wikipedia. The Kargil War was in 1999, not 1998, and according to casualty estimates, there were more than 1,000 battle deaths, which meets the standard definition of a war.)

Empirical quibbles aside, this certainly falsifies Friedman's original "strong" hypothesis of "no two countries that both have a McDonald's have ever fought a war against each other." The thing is, international relations theories are kinda like … er … zombies. Even if you think you've killed them off, they can be revived.

Let's water down Friedman's strong hypothesis a bit. Is it true that, "two countries that both have a McDonald's are significantly less likely to fight a war against each other?" Mead thinks the answer is no, but my hunch is that it would be yes. A cursory glance at the scholarly literature suggests that no one has actually tested it, so … get to it, aspiring MA thesis writers!!

That said, even if the weaker version was true, would it be useful from either a theoretical or policy perspective? I think the answer here is no, and this is one important way in which academic IR theorists do better than, say, Tom Friedman. The comparative advantage of the Golden Arches Theory is pedagogical -- it's easy to explain to anyone. The problem is that McDonald's is really an intervening variable and not the actual cause of any peace. And while IR scholars sometimes roll their eyes at democratic peace theory, the literature has produced significant progress about the ways in which that hypothesis is constrained (in a world of democratizing states, for example).

Mead is correct to observe that this particular IR theory is in trouble. I'm marginally more sanguine about the state of academic IR theory overall, however.

MIRA OBERMAN/AFP/Getty Images

 

MERODRIGUEZ

2:43 PM ET

July 28, 2011

It is a sad day when...

Someone associates IR theoretical scholarship with Thomas Friedman, the author of the "Gee wiz, you guys, the internet is amazing!" theory.

 

DAVIDWEMYERS

2:00 AM ET

July 29, 2011

Friedman, Friedman, Friedman...

Let's just forget for a moment the typical clarity hindering metaphor from Thomas Friedman.

I feel life is too short to read Thomas Friedman, but presuming that Mead has represented him correctly then his basic theory is that countries with large middle classes do not go to war with each other... Well, World War II comes to mind.

To be fair, there's an element of truth here, namely that happy and prosperous don't typically fight wars with each other. But I think this fits better in the category of truism than insight.

 

FEDESB

2:14 AM ET

July 29, 2011

MA Thesis?

I REALLY wonder if they'd take the theory at all given that it's franchise-based. But, having said that: Challenge Accepted

I'll give it a try just to get a chuckle out of the reviewing panel

 

MATTW0699

2:11 PM ET

July 29, 2011

This is Sad

The fact that this theory even exists is sad.

War is just the collapse of society. It follows the same collapse distribution as forests, sandpiles, earthquakes, financial markets and more. Attacks within wars also follow this distribution - the power law distribution.

Basically this means that the longer you go without war then the bigger it will be when it comes. And it will always come.

 

AR

4:34 PM ET

July 29, 2011

This is why I laugh when

This is why I laugh when people in the US, Canada, and W. Europe claim that all the best IR scholars are in the West. No, no they are not. You'd never hear anyone come up with a silly theory like this let alone blog about it in Russia, China, India, or anywhere else outside of the West. Pop culture has not only dumbed downed the masses, but the elites as well.

 

CUPPA

9:43 PM ET

July 29, 2011

@AR

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Panarin

Russian doesn't seem to be strange to very funny ideas on International Relations.

 

CUPPA

9:43 PM ET

July 29, 2011

correction

stranger, not strange

 

NICK KRESTINSKY

11:50 AM ET

August 1, 2011

Thin pondering makes for poor thought..

Mattw0699, wide expansiveness in your ideas on Society and War, Emotional generalizations are not really a helpful contribution, but i understand why you felt compelled to post.
These issues are not new, just a cursory look back at the late 19th century shows that many have dealt with the same feelings of despair at the perceived problems of a 'modern' age.
From trade and Finance, to arms Agreements and war, these issues have been around, well forever, making for the entire reason of a strong Foreign affairs office/department which is forcibly represented in central government.
The American State Department was neutered by the Nixon white house, and while taking its ques from a culture of Cya in National Government, has never recovered.
Diplomats, real Diplomats that can negotiate with certainty that the best interests of the country is being served in the long term, not in the short term patchwork that looks or sounds good on the news, put forth by pols who's only true concern is reelection; can not thrive in this state department.
The idea of McDonald's owning country's not being a threat to one another actually is a simplification of the former thought processes about Religion and foreign policy.
No one people's problems should be thought equal to another, and that is the trap many find themselves mired. Just because the ingredients are similar, in no way means the
the food tastes the same...
I see my post is poorly thought out, but i think some of what i wanted to convey managed to be written down here.

 

DANIEL W. DREZNER

5:43 PM ET

July 29, 2011

Sigh...

To reiterate the point made in the post -- an IR scholar did not come up with this "silly theory." It was a NYT columnist. Mead wrote as if it was a scholarly theory. The point of this post was to disabuse him of this notion.

 

LFC

2:16 PM ET

July 31, 2011

Wars are human not 'natural' phenomena

The comment above by Mattw0069 comparing wars to forests, sandpiles etc. makes no sense. Wars are not natural phenomena like sandpiles that eventually must collapse if they reach a certain size. The comparison is entirely unpersuasive and I doubt there is much convincing evidence, if any, that "the longer you go without war the bigger it will be when it comes." As for "it will always come" -- this is simply a profession of belief. It makes as much sense to say war "will always come" as it does to say "war will entirely cease to exist in 3 years." I happen to think that so-called hegemonic wars -- i.e. major wars directly pitting great powers against each other -- probably have effectively ceased to exist (i.e. there will never be another WW2-type conflict), but even this is not something I would assert in the confident tone that Mattw0069 uses when he says that war "will always come".

 

LFC

2:20 PM ET

July 31, 2011

correction

Got his id wrong: Mattw0699

 

DAVEINBOCA

4:37 PM ET

August 4, 2011

Having visited both India & Pakistan numerous times,

I have to confess that of the two, India has the more prosperous and HAPPY middle class, mainly because India is not a virtual military encampment surrounded by mosques full of Afghan refugees and other religious refugees from nutty Arab countries wanting to die in a Jihad. Pakistan has more AK-47s per capita than any other country its size.

I read Friedman for satirical enjoyment, watching a buffoon who thinks he's another DeToqueville or Toynbee when he accentuates the obvious is always thrillingly hilarious.

Mead on the other hand is one of the most serious students of American foreign policy this side of the Atlantic, and I read him assiduously. Worth taking notes on, when he is particularly on point.

 

LAKITA MERKLE

4:13 AM ET

August 19, 2011

Is it even possible to kill an international relations theory?

Several researchers have observed that many of the possible exceptions to the democratic peace have occurred when at least one of the involved democracies was very young. Many of them have therefore added a qualifier, typically stating that the peacefulness apply to democracies older than three years (Doyle 1983), (Russett 1993), (Rummel 1997), (Weart 1998). rachel starr (1997) argues that this is enough time for "democratic procedures to be accepted, and democratic culture to settle in." Additionally, this may allow for other states to actually come to the recognition of the state as a democrac Mansfield and Snyder (2002, 2005), while agreeing that there have been no wars between mature liberal democracies, state that countries in transition to democracy are especially likely to be involved in wars. They find that democratizing countries are even more warlike than stable democracies, stable autocracies or even countries in transition towards autocracy. So, they suggest caution in eliminating these wars from the analysis, because this might hide a negative aspect of the process of democratization. A reanalysis of the earlier study's statistical results (Braumoeller 2004) emphasizes that the above relationship between democratization and war can only be said to hold for those democratizing countries where the executive lacks sufficient power, independence, and institutional strength. A review (Ray 2003) cites several other studies finding that the increase in the risk of war in democratizing countries happens only if many or most of the surrounding nations are undemocratic. If wars between young democracies are included in the analysis, several studies and reviews still find enough evidence supporting the stronger claim that all democracies, whether young or established, go into war with one another less frequently (Ray 1998), (Ray 2003), (Hegre 2004), while some do not (Schwartz & Skinner 2002).

 

AXELBROOK

10:27 AM ET

August 19, 2011

The terrorists have been at

The terrorists have been at it for years; through presidents - time and space - it is about a hunger and thirst for power, fueled by hatred, brainwashing, and a deteriorating environment. Being a "terrorist" is a career choice. There will always be a target for the terrorist; it isn't just America, they have a lot of people in their sights. Foreign policy changes when our elected officials change. Funny how the more western-leaning countries in the Middle-East have asked us to please come there - and protect them from those nasty old terrorists. Hmmm............ RIO .

 

ELIK BIEL

5:45 PM ET

August 27, 2011

Wars are not natural

Wars are not natural phenomena like sandpiles that eventually must collapse if they reach a certain size. The comparison is entirely unpersuasive and I doubt there is much convincing evidence, if any, that "the longer you go without war the bigger it will be when it comes." As for "it will always come" -- this is simply a profession of belief.The American State Department was neutered by the Nixon white house, and while taking its ques from a culture of Cya in National Government, has never recovered.Diplomats, real Diplomats that can negotiate with certainty that the best stavkove kancelarie interests of the country is being served in the long term, not in the short term patchwork that looks or sounds good on the news, put forth by pols who's only true concern is reelection; can not thrive in this state department.they suggest caution in eliminating these wars from the analysis, because this might hide a negative aspect of the process of democratization. A reanalysis of the earlier study's statistical results emphasizes that the above relationship between democratization and war can only be said to hold for those sázkové kancelá?e democratizing countries where the executive lacks sufficient power, independence, and institutional strength. A review cites several other studies finding that the increase in the risk of war in democratizing countries happens only if many or most of the surrounding nations are undemocratic.

 

Daniel W. Drezner is professor of international politics at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University.

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